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Autor	Agata Balińska, Wioletta Olejniczak
Tytuł	CERTIFICATION OF HIGH-QUALITY FOOD PRODUCTSIN THE PERCEPTION OF STUDENTS
Title
Słowa kluczowe	food products, high quality, certification
Key words
Abstrakt	This study aimed to investigate the perception of high-quality food products by young consumers, theirrecognition of logos assigned to registered products, and their experience in purchasing this type of product.The study involved desk research, computer-assisted web interviews (CAWI), and observation. The resultsof the survey conducted on a sample of 329 students of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) showedthat the respondents’ recognition of high-quality food products was low. More than half of the respondentsdeclared that they do not pay attention to labels when shopping for food, while those who buy certified foodproducts indicated the following reasons: curiosity, promotion, or loyalty to a specific product. Almost one infour respondents declared that they do not buy imitations of original products covered by the registration.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Balińska A., Olejniczak W.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2021_n5_s15.pdf

Autor	Irena Achonen, Greta Gruodė, Jolita Variakojiene
Tytuł	Pandemic Impact on Lithuania‘s tour operators
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tour operators, COVID-19, pandemic, tourism, Lithuania
Key words
Abstrakt	Lithuania tourism market was one of the fastest growing in Europe in 2019. Allaround the globe 2019 was a year of records for travelling, but 2020 changed everything.At the moment COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most important and relevant factor forinfluencing Tourism sector. It changed the way we‘re working, travelling, communicating, ithad a huge negative effect on specific sectors there people meet, spend time together. Touroperators are one of the most affected in the business world because of economic and politicalreasons: for most of the year countries have travelling restrictions, borders closed, obligationfor testing before and after travelling and in general consumer behaviour is changed due tothe safety reasons. This paper aims to analyze the impact of pandemic to Lithuania‘s Touroperators as well as present the overview of previous year numbers of tourism. Qantativeresearch – a survey was conducted with the most active Lithuania‘s tour operators, workingwith inbound, outbound and domestic tourism in order to find out their opinion of previousyear and currently happening change. Results are presented in a paper. Topic is extreemlyrelevant these days and the paper reveal the current situation in Lithuania‘s travel market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Achonen I., Gruodė G., Variakojiene J.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2021_n15_s59.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Hubeni, Volodymyr Krupa, Oksana Krupa, Sofiia Tsiolkovska
Tytuł	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Title	The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine
Słowa kluczowe	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Key words	foreign economic activity, agribusiness, international trade, export and import of agricultural products, Western region of Ukraine
Abstrakt	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Abstract	The article is devoted to researching peculiarities and trends of foreign economic activity of agribusinesses in the Western region of Ukraine according to the terms of the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement. The authors discuss the theoretical essence of agribusiness, as a kind of entrepreneurship, and the nature of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The main conditions of free trade in agricultural products introduced by the terms of the Agreement are determined and their influence on agribusiness export-import operation dynamics in the Western economic region is analyzed. The contribution of certain regions to forming agrarian product export and import volume and structure is considered and the reasons for the considerable advantages of the Lviv region in foreign trade turnover of the Western region are elucidated. It was found that agribusiness cooperation with foreign partners is mainly realized by indirect methods through trade agency organizations or agrarian holding companies. The structure dynamics of production goods for export and import by agribusinesses was studied. Based on the results, some negative tendencies for the Ukrainian economy were noted. They include the preservation of raw exports with a high share of plant origin products and timber, and the predominance of ready-made products with high added value in the import structure. It was established that the Agreement and social political events in Ukraine changed the direction of some export-import flows of agribusiness from CIS countries towards the markets of the European Union and Asian countries. According to the scale of external trade operations with enterprises of the Western region of Ukraine, in general, and within certain trade groups, in particular, country-leaders are defined. Some positive and negative consequences of changes in the foreign economic activity vector are described. And finally, measures which will ensure an expansion and strengthening of Ukraine’s agribusiness presence on international market, are suggested.
Cytowanie	Hubeni Y., Krupa V., Krupa O., Tsiolkovska S. (2020) The Foreign Economic Vector of Agribusiness Activity in the Western Region of Ukraine.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 20(35), z. 4: 29-46
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2020_T20(35)_n4_s29.pdf

Autor	Altuğ Köktaş, Işıl Selçuk
Tytuł	Transport sector energy use and carbon emissions: a study on sectoral fiscal policies
Title	Zużycie energii i emisja dwutlenku węgla w sektorze transportu: badanie sektorowych polityki fiskalnej
Słowa kluczowe	transportation, fiscal policy, carbon tax
Key words	transport, polityka podatkowa, podatek węglowy
Abstrakt	As the energy sector worldwide is largely based on fossil fuel consumption, the amount of global-scale carbon emissions continues to increase over the years. One of the most important reasons for the increase in emissions, the transportation sector, continues to develop with globalization. The development of land, sea, and air transport together with international trade brings environmental problems in parallel with the increase in energy consumption. Accordingly, it is estimated that one fourth of total carbon emissions today originate from the transportation sector. In this context, in order to combat environmental problems such as global warming and climate change on an international scale, initiatives such as the Paris Climate Agreement are being implemented and environmental policies to reduce the amount of emissions are being recommended. The aim of this study is to examine environmental policies, which have been discussed extensively in the literature, in terms of fiscal policy. In this context, fiscal policy tools such as taxes, subsidies, incentives, and regulations specific to the transport sector were discussed. This study, in which the descriptive method is used, argues that fiscal policy practices can be an effective method in reducing the amount of carbon emissions.
Abstract	Sektor energetyczny na całym świecie w dużej mierze opiera się na paliwach kopalnych, co skutkuje ciągłym wzrostem emisji dwutlenku węgla na skalę światową. Jedną z najważniejszych przyczyn wzrostu emisji jest sektor transportu, którego rozwój jest powiązany z procesami globalizacji. Rozwój transportu lądowego, morskiego i lotniczego wraz z handlem międzynarodowym i zwiększonym zużyciem energii powoduje problemy środowiskowe. W związku z tym szacuje się, że jedna czwarta całkowitej emisji dwutlenku węgla pochodzi obecnie z sektora transportu. W tym kontekście, w celu zwalczania problemów środowiskowych, takich jak globalne ocieplenie i zmiany klimatyczne w skali międzynarodowej, wdrażane są takie inicjatywy, jak porozumienie klimatyczne z Paryża, a także zalecana jest polityka środowiskowa mająca na celu zmniejszenie ilości emisji. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza polityki środowiskowej, która była szeroko omawiana w literaturze, pod kątem polityki fiskalnej. W tym kontekście omówiono narzędzia polityki fiskalnej, takie jak podatki, dotacje, zachęty i przepisy specyficzne dla sektora transportu. Niniejsze badanie, w którym zastosowano metodę opisową, dowodzi, że praktyki polityki fiskalnej mogą być skuteczną metodą zmniejszania ilości emisji dwutlenku węgla.
Cytowanie	Köktaş A., Selçuk I.
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Pełny tekst	EIOL_2020_T5_n3_s17.pdf

Autor	Adam Samborski
Tytuł	Finansowanie przedsiębiorstw w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej
Title	Financing Enterprises in the Visegrad Group Countries
Słowa kluczowe	przedsiębiorstwo, finansowanie, analiza porównawcza, rachunki narodowe
Key words	enterprise, financing, comparative analysis, national accounts
Abstrakt	W artykule podjęto problematykę finansowania przedsiębiorstw w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej, w latach 1995-2015. W analizach wykorzystano dane źródłowe pochodzące z rachunków narodowych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań zaobserwowano wzrost poziomu samofinansowania w przedsiębiorstwach czeskich, węgierskich, polskich i słowackich. Zauważono także spadek wartości zaciągniętych netto zobowiązań. Wśród przyczyn wskazano na wysoki poziom w sektorze przedsiębiorstw oszczędności brutto oraz spadek wartości nakładów brutto na środki trwałe. Podstawowym źródłem finansowania zewnętrznego były trzy kategorie instrumentów finansowych, a mianowicie: kredyty i pożyczki, udziały kapitałowe, pozostałe kwoty do otrzymania / zapłacenia. We wnioskach podkreślono, iż pomimo spadku poziomu finansowania zewnętrznego nie nastąpiły znaczące zmiany w jego strukturze.
Abstract	The article addresses the issue of financing enterprises in the Visegrad Group countries in the years 1995-2015. The analyzes used source data derived from national accounts. On the basis of the conducted research, an increase in the self-financing level was observed in Czech, Hungarian, Polish and Slovak enterprises. A decrease in the value of net liabilities incurred was also noted. Among the reasons, a high level of gross savings in the enterprise sector and a decline in the gross fixed capital formation was indicated. The main source of external funding were three categories of financial instruments, namely loans, equity, other accounts receivable / payable. The conclusions emphasized that despite the decrease in the level of external financing, there were no significant changes in its structure.
Cytowanie	Samborski A. (2019) Finansowanie przedsiębiorstw w krajach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 98-109
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s98.pdf

Autor	Arkadiusz Sadowski, Jagoda Zmyślona
Tytuł	OVERINVESTMENT IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	overinvestment, polish agriculture, fadn
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper was to assess the level of overinvestment in Polish farms grouped by economicsize. As the volume of investments clearly continues to grow, the authors noticed the need to address thatproblem. Using FADN data, they developed their own method for measuring overinvestment, and identifiedits size and extent. Indeed, overinvestment proves to be widespread in Polish agriculture. The reasons probablyinclude inadequate subsidies allocated under European Union aid schemes, and improper farm managementpractices. In the future, this could give rise to dysfunctions, ultimately resulting in farm bankruptcies.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Sadowski A., Zmyślona J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2019_n3_s145.pdf

Autor	Krystyna Świetlik
Tytuł	Zmienność światowych cen żywności w latach 2000-2018
Title	Changeability of World Food Prices During 2000-2018
Słowa kluczowe	żywność, ceny żywności, indeksy cen, niestabilność cen, rynek światowy
Key words	food, food prices, price indices, instability of prices, global market
Abstrakt	Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych kierunków zmian światowych cen artykułów rolno-spożywczych w latach 2000-2018, określenie stopnia ich zmienności i wskazanie przyczyn tych zjawisk. Głównym źródłem danych były średnie roczne indeksy cen żywności FAO. Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały, że w 2011 r. światowe ceny żywności osiągnęły poziom ponad dwuipółkrotnie wyższy niż w 2000 r., a w całym badanym okresie zwiększyły się o 85%. Najbardziej wzrosły ceny olejów roślinnych na skutek rozwoju produkcji biopaliw. Największe fluktuacje cen odnotowano na rynkach cukru i produktów mlecznych, a najmniejsze na rynku mięsa. Stwierdzono, że w długim okresie decydujący wpływ na kształtowanie się światowych cen żywności miały uwarunkowania popytowe, natomiast w okresach krótkich – szoki podażowe.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to present the main direction of change in global prices of farm and food products during 2000-2018, determination of the level of change and indication of the reasons for these phenomena. The main source for the data was average annual indices of food prices from the FAO. The analyses showed that in 2011 global food prices reached a level over two and a half times higher than in 2000, but during the period under investigation they increased by 85%. The greatest increase was in the price of vegetable oils due to the development of biofuels. The largest fluctuations in prices were noted in the sugar and dairy markets, and the smallest in the meat market. It was concluded that during longer periods demand had the greatest influence on global food prices, while during shorter periods it was drastic changes in supply.
Cytowanie	Świetlik K. (2019) Zmienność światowych cen żywności w latach 2000-2018.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 2: 196-209
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n2_s196.pdf

Autor	Tatiana Bludova, Oleksiy Kudenko, Volodymyr Tokar, Natalia Wasilewska
Tytuł	EVALUATION OF TARGET MARKET SEGMENTS FOR ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	market segmentation, psychographic factors, relevant factors, questionnaires, respondents.
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of the article is to substantiate the emergence of new – and the development of existing – factors and segmentation criteria for meeting consumer needs and increasing the efficiency of marketing activities for Ukrainian enterprises under modern market conditions. The object of the research is to analyze the process of development and any increases in the effectiveness of marketing segmentation. The subject of research is the theoretical, methodical and practical provisions of the formation of targeted marketing segmentation for the markets of Ukrainian enterprises. The goal of the research is to evaluate the direction and type of market segmentation that determines future target segments for enterprises and their share of existing markets. We present the characteristics of enterprises that work on market relations for the production and sale of computer devices that provide network connections. Our method was to estimate the direction and type of market segmentation in order to determine the prospective segments for such enterprises and their share of the existing market. In order to evaluate the attractiveness of target segments for Ukrainian enterprises, a survey was conducted to validate customer reactions. The analyzed variables included: the length of time a person uses his/her computer device; the reasons for possible changes and important settings when choosing a computer device; the timeframe for buying a computer device. The results of the questionnaire are separated by gender, social and geographic factors, as well as by family composition and age of respondents, taking into account the stages of their life cycle, as well as their educational level and professions – for three enterprises. Particular attention was paid to the psychographic factors of occupation and social class. The questionnaire also contained a self-assessment section on the psychological qualities of the consumer and on their psychography, which we analyzed. The hypotheses presented by individual factors and the consumer segment, separated by the results of the survey, and the analysis of the respondents' answers, are presented. Confirmation of the hypotheses and isolation of the consumer segment are given.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bludova T., Kudenko O., Tokar V., Wasilewska N. (2019) EVALUATION OF TARGET MARKET SEGMENTS FOR ENTERPRISES.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 223-237
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s223.pdf

Autor	Yuriy Hubeni, Volodymyr Krupa
Tytuł	Land Transformations in Ukraine: Problems and Expectations
Title	Land Transformations in Ukraine: Problems and Expectations
Słowa kluczowe	land reform, land relations, agricultural land market, moratorium, land lease
Key words	land reform, land relations, agricultural land market, moratorium, land lease
Abstrakt	The analysis of urgent problems of land relations transformation and of forming agricultural land market in Ukraine is carried out in the article. The general characteristic of main reform stages is given. The reasons of lasting action of the moratorium on agricultural land sale-purchase being the chief obstacle for complete market development are defined. Supporters' and opponents' arguments about moratorium canceling, population estimation of advantages and threats of land circulation are described. The results of the research project "Farmers' land expectation" made by the authors are given. The project purpose was studying population rational expectations concerning the directions of further land reform development and its results. The research was conducted on the local level in rural surrounding, which is characterized by high competition level among agrarian business subjects at agricultural land lease market. Landowners' and other interested group people' opinions concerning lease cost, potential sale price, inclination towards land sale, possibilities of farmers' common farming on their own land, leaseholders' participation in social and economic development of rural areas are examined. High level of farmers' uncertainty about land market indicators because of knowledge lack and low level of land reform information support is established.
Abstract	The analysis of urgent problems of land relations transformation and of forming agricultural land market in Ukraine is carried out in the article. The general characteristic of main reform stages is given. The reasons of lasting action of the moratorium on agricultural land sale-purchase being the chief obstacle for complete market development are defined. Supporters' and opponents' arguments about moratorium canceling, population estimation of advantages and threats of land circulation are described. The results of the research project "Farmers' land expectation" made by the authors are given. The project purpose was studying population rational expectations concerning the directions of further land reform development and its results. The research was conducted on the local level in rural surrounding, which is characterized by high competition level among agrarian business subjects at agricultural land lease market. Landowners' and other interested group people' opinions concerning lease cost, potential sale price, inclination towards land sale, possibilities of farmers' common farming on their own land, leaseholders' participation in social and economic development of rural areas are examined. High level of farmers' uncertainty about land market indicators because of knowledge lack and low level of land reform information support is established.
Cytowanie	Hubeni Y., Krupa V. (2019) Land Transformations in Ukraine: Problems and Expectations.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 3: 23-34
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n3_s23.pdf

Autor	Kaja Karwowska, Magdalena Skotnicka, Maria Śmiechowska
Tytuł	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Title	Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China
Słowa kluczowe	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Key words	tea, plantations, crop types, climate changes, local ecosystems
Abstrakt	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Abstract	The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
Cytowanie	Karwowska K., Skotnicka M., Śmiechowska M. (2019) Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 19(34), z. 1: 180-191
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2019_T19(34)_n1_s180.pdf

Autor	Piotr Gabryjończyk, Iryna Kudinova
Tytuł	Motives for undertaking rural tourism activity and its economic and social benefits– comparison of Polish and Ukrainian theoretical perspective
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural tourism, rural territories, motives, economic and social benefits
Key words
Abstrakt	The paper presents a comparison of the Polish and Ukrainian theoretical approaches to the motives for undertaking tourism activity in rural areas and its economic and social benefits. Based on the review of the Polish and Ukrainian literature of the subject, it presents the reasons for development of tourism in rural areas presented in both countries, the perceived profits associated with it, as well as the tasks of local administration expected in supporting it. A model of the overall impact of tourism (including rural tourism) on economic development was also presented for both countries. Finally conclusions were presented, regarding similarities and differences in approach to the above issues in both countries, as well as the resulting opportunities for cooperation.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gabryjończyk P., Kudinova I.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s33.pdf

Autor	Raisa Kozhukhіvska, Vitalii Rybchak, Оlena Sakovska
Tytuł	Using of modern information and communication technologiesin the tourism
Title
Słowa kluczowe	tourism, consumer, Internet, information technologies, Internet service
Key words
Abstrakt	The importance of modern information and communication technologies in the economic and social life has steadily increased. The Internet creates new opportunities to provide services and meet needs. Tourism enterprises are interested in making a big profit from their sales and want the customers to give their preferences to them. The article deals with the peculiarities of Internet use by the tourism services consumers. Determined that the compared to traditional advertising technologies, Internet makes it possible to provide a dialogue with the consumer, to establish feedback and, in terms of investment, it is much cheape. The data representing the social characteristics of the sphere of Ukrainian Internet consumers are generalized. The main reasons and motives for making online purchases by tourism services consumers are indicated. The barriers that hinder the further development of Internet commerce and the promotion of online tourism services have been identified. Quantitative and qualitative research on the use of tourism Internet services in Ukraine has been carried out.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kozhukhіvska R., Rybchak V., Sakovska О.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n11_s97.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Bartczak, Agnieszka Szymankowska
Tytuł	Reasons for the resignation of young people from employment
Title
Słowa kluczowe	resignation from work, motivation, labour market
Key words
Abstrakt	The labour market is constantly changing. Employees, depending on their age, experience and qualifications, have different expectations towards the employer, and at the same time expect other motivators in the employment process. A particular challenge for employers is to motivate young people who enter the labour market, because it is difficult to motivate them in such a way that they do not give up work and want to get involved with the company for longer. Due to the topicality of this issue, the purpose of the study is to indicate the reasons that make young people quit their jobs. The study uses reports on factors determining the behavior of young people on the labor market, as well as the results of surveys conducted among students of selected universities in the Wielkopolska region. These studies have shown that the most common reasons for changing jobs identified by young people are: unsatisfactory pay, a bad atmosphere, and inappropriate relationships with their superiors.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bartczak M., Szymankowska A.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s5.pdf

Autor	Paul Lane, Joanna Wyrobek
Tytuł	IMPACT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION ON THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	multinational companies, indebtedness, corporate finance, capital structure
Key words
Abstrakt	International enterprises (in this paper, international companies are understood as companies that sell their products and services abroad) are precious for the national economy because, through their experience in international sales, they stimulate the development of other companies in the same industry and their subcontractors. The knowledge that these companies have gained on international markets through the spillover effect spreads on their suppliers, as well as through imitation or cooperation on their competitors. Also, international companies (in the meaning: domestic export companies) are often the first to use new technological solutions and product innovations, which contributes to the modernization of products in the entire business sector. Dynamic and robust international companies usually also build networks with entities from different countries in order to cooperate on development, negotiation, and sales, which also encourages similar activities of their competitors. For all these reasons, national governments should take action to help to export companies, or at least monitor the problems that such entities report. The purpose of the publication is to draw attention to the higher demand for the debt that exists in such enterprises and to discuss the reasons for this. In particular, the purpose of the publication was to verify 2 research hypotheses: H1: Internationalization increases indebtedness of a company measured with the debt to equity ratio, and H2: The scale of internationalization (measured with the share of foreign sales to total sales) is positively related to the level of indebtedness (measured with the debt to equity ratio). For both hypotheses we found no grounds to reject these hypotheses. In the opinion of the authors, the demand for debt from exporters should be monitored, especially in terms of the availability of this form of financing for exporters from the SME sector. The paper used the Arellano-Bond model and data downloaded from the Orbis database for years 2007 – 2017.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Lane P., Wyrobek J. (2019) IMPACT OF INTERNATIONALIZATION ON THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 22(71): 250-267
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n71_s250.pdf

Autor	Tetiana Baklytska, Olena Bohdaniuk
Tytuł	Competitivness and prospects for development of berry production in Ukraine
Title
Słowa kluczowe	Ukraine, berries, prospects of development, competitiveness, export, organic production
Key words
Abstrakt	The demand for raspberries and blackberries has risen sharply in Europe and North America in recent years. Ukraine is almost one third of the world’s black earth, a favorable climate for growing vegetables, fruits and berries, as well as a good ratio of daytime and nighttime temperatures and optimal length of sunny day. Therefore, the authors consider that Ukraine could become a reliable supplier of berries in Europe and America. Berries will not give the same high gross production as cereals. But these products are perspective in terms of processing, value added and profitability for the manufacturer. Considering the strategic importance of growing berries in Ukraine the subject of the research is to study the competitiveness and prospects for production of berries in Ukraine. The conducted assessment of the status and prospects of growing berries shows that Ukraine has been steadily producing within the range of 130-135 thousand tons of berries in recent years. Due to the fact that the products of private households and horticultural societies are not actually taxed, they have significant competitive advantages over agricultural enterprises, which is one of the reasons for the curtailment of industrial horticulture in Ukraine. But, on the other hand, they are inferior to large enterprises because of not failing to implement sanitary, technical standards, certification etc. In order to ensure the competitiveness of domestic producers in the external market, berry producers need to be more actively involved in the process of improving product quality, since in Ukraine only five agribusinesses have a Global GAP certificate, which is a minimum condition for access to the EU market. According to the results of the study, the authors consider organic production of berries as another perspective direction for the development of domestic berries.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baklytska T., Bohdaniuk O.
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Pełny tekst	TIRR_2019_n12_s15.pdf

Autor	Dominika Kordela
Tytuł	Przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne na rynku papierów wartościowych – doświadczenia z rynku niemieckiego
Title	FAMILY ENTERPRISES ON THE SECURITIES MARKET - EXPERIENCE FROM GERMANY
Słowa kluczowe	przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne, rynek papierów wartościowych, finansowanie przedsiębiorstw.
Key words	family enterprises, security market, enterprises financing.
Abstrakt	W artykule podjęto problematykę związaną z giełdowymi przedsiębiorstwami rodzinnymi. Autorka prezentuje znaczenie przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych w gospodarce Niemiec oraz ocenę wykorzystania przez niemieckie przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne finansowania udziałowego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przesłanek skłaniających niemieckie przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne do debiutu giełdowego oraz charakterystyka giełdowych przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych w Niemczech. Ze względu na przeglądowy charakter artykułu, główną metodą badawczą wykorzystaną dla realizacji celu jest krytyczna analiza zagranicznej i polskiej literatury przedmiotu, na postawie której zaprezentowano wyniki najistotniejszych badań niemieckich przedsiębiorstw rodzinnych. Wykorzystano również elementy statystyki opisowej oraz metodę opisową. Przedstawione analizy i oceny wskazują, że przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne w Niemczech mają znaczący wpływ na gospodarkę realną, jak również są istotne dla giełdy papierów wartościowych, co wyrażone jest m.in.: liczbą debiutów giełdowych oraz liczbą notowanych firm rodzinnych. W porównaniu do nierodzinnych przedsiębiorstw obecnych na giełdzie charakteryzują się niższą sumą bilansową i niższymi obrotami. Natomiast ocena korzyści związanych z obecnością na giełdzie zależna jest m.in. od wielkości przedsiębiorstwa.
Abstract	In this article the author focuses on family firms, which are listed on stock exchange. The article presents the importance of family businesses in both the real economy in Germany as well as the activity of the German family businesses on the securities market in terms of the usage of the equity. The aim of the article is to present the most important reasons of IPO and the characteristic of family businesses that are listed on stock exchange. Indeed article shows in the review results of the most important studies of German family businesses that are listed on stock exchange. In the article following methods were used: critical analysis of the literature, as well as components of descriptive statistic and descriptive method. Analysis and the assessment show that family businesses in Germany have a significant impact on the real economy. They are also important issuers on the stock exchange, which is expressed, among others, by the number of both IPOs and listed companies. In comparison to non- family enterprises the family firms listed on stock exchange are characterized by lower balance sheet total and lower turnover. However, the assessment of benefits related to the presence on the stock exchange depends, among the size of the enterprise.
Cytowanie	Kordela D. (2019) Przedsiębiorstwa rodzinne na rynku papierów wartościowych – doświadczenia z rynku niemieckiego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 21(70): 104-117
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2019_n70_s104.pdf

Autor	Joanna Baran
Tytuł	REASONS FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION OF POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY COMPANIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	internationalization, food industry, companies
Key words
Abstrakt	The primary aim of this article is to identify the reasons for internationalization of Polish food industry companies. As a part of empirical studies, we carried out interviews with managers at 52 of food industry companies. Poland’s accession to the EU, the managers’ experience gained on foreign markets and geographical proximity of foreign markets were the main determinants of internationalization for the respondents. For food industry companies, EU markets are the most attractive while export activities constitute the most common form of internationalization.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baran J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s203.pdf

Autor	Magdalena Golonko, Aleksandra Perkowska, Tomasz Rokicki
Tytuł	Zastosowanie systemów agroleśnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Title	Application of Agroforestry Systems in European Union Countries
Słowa kluczowe	agroleśnictwo, systemy agroleśne, Unia Europejska
Key words	agroforestry, agroforestry systems, European Union
Abstrakt	Celem głównym badań była ocena stopnia występowania systemów agroleśnych (rolno-leśnych)w krajach Unii Europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono koncentrację tego rodzaju upraw w krajach UE oraz określono czynniki powiązane z powierzchnia i udziałem systemów agroleśnych. Źródłem materiałów były bazy danych z EUROSTAT oraz LUCAS. Okres badań dotyczył 2015 roku Koncentracja systemów rolno-leśnych występowała w południowej Europie, a szczególnie w Hiszpanii, Portugalii, Włoszech i Grecji. W ramach danego kraju występowało duże zróżnicowanie regionalne. Największy udział systemów agroleśnych w użytkach rolnych stwierdzono na Cyprze, w Portugalii, Grecji i Bułgarii, zaś najmniejszy w Czechach, Danii i w Niemczech. Przy zastawieniu obszarów agroleśnych do terytorium kraju kolejność państw była inna. Stwierdzono bardzo silną, istotną, dodatnią zależność powierzchni systemów agroleśnych z powierzchnią kraju, powierzchnią UR oraz wartością dodaną brutto rolnictwa. Wystąpienie tych prawidłowości wynika z dużego wpływu skali danego państwa i prowadzonej w nim działalności rolniczej na stosowanie systemów rolno-leśnych. Nie stwierdzono związku poziomu intensywności produkcji rolniczej ze stosowaniem systemów agroleśnych. Przyczyn stosowania systemów rolno-leśnych należy szukać w tradycji i kulturze występującej w danych krajach, a nawet regionach.
Abstract	The aim of the study was to assess the degree of use of agroforestry crops in the European Union. The article presents the concentration of this type of crops in the EU countries and identifies factors related to the area and share of agroforestry crops. The source of the materials constituted data of EUROSTAT and LUCAS. The study period concerned 2015. The concentration of agroforestry crops occurred in southern Europe, especially in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. Within each given country there was a large regional diversity. The largest share of agroforestry crops in agricultural lands was found in Cyprus, Portugal, Greece and Bulgaria, while the lowest was in the Czech Republic, Denmark and Germany. The sequence was different when pledging agroforestry to the national territory. A very strong, significant, positive dependence of agroforestry crop surface area on the surface of the country, surface area of UAA and gross value added of agriculture was found. The occurrence of these regularities results from the large influence of the scale of a given country and its agricultural activity on the use of agroforestry systems. There was no relation between the intensity level of agricultural production and the use of agroforestry systems. The reasons for using agro-crops should be sought in the tradition and culture of the countries and even regions..
Cytowanie	Golonko M., Perkowska A., Rokicki T. (2018) Zastosowanie systemów agroleśnych w krajach Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 2: 249-258
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n2_s249.pdf

Autor	Piotr Bórawski, Krzysztof Zalewski
Tytuł	Czynniki kształtujące produkcję mleka w Polsce na tle UE
Title	Factors Shaping Milk Production in Poland vis-à-vis the European Union
Słowa kluczowe	podaż, mleko, kraje UE
Key words	supply, milk, EU countries
Abstrakt	W pracy analizie poddano produkcję mleka w Polsce oraz czynniki ją determinujące na tle UE. Z analiz wynika, że produkcja mleka w Polsce po akcesji do UE wzrosła. Przyczyn tego zjawiska należy upatrywać w zmianach, jakie zaszły na rynku mleka i związane były z integracją europejską, systemem kwotowania i dostosowaniu do standardów unijnych w zakresie dobrostanu zwierząt. W analizie wyników badań wykorzystano metody tabelaryczne, graficzne i opisowe. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę statystyczną, z której wynika, że głównym czynnikiem decydującym o produkcji mleka w Polsce jest kurs euro-złoty.
Abstract	In the paper the production of milk in Poland and factors shaping it was analyzed against the background of the EU. The analysis shows that milk production in Poland after EU accession increased. The reasons for this phenomenon should be seen in the changes that took place in the milk market and were related to European integration, the quota system and adaptation to EU standards in the field of animal welfare. The tabular, graphical and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of the results. A statistical analysis which was carried out in the work, shows that the Euro-PLN exchange rate is the main determining factor in milk production in Poland.
Cytowanie	Bórawski P., Zalewski K. (2018) Czynniki kształtujące produkcję mleka w Polsce na tle UE.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 36-48
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s36.pdf

Autor	Justyna Barczyk-Ciuła, Marcin Nogieć, Wojciech Sroka, Tomasz Wojewodzic
Tytuł	Pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza w gminach położonych w zasięgu oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego
Title	NON-AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN GMINAS LOCATED WITHIN RANGE OF IMPACT OF KRAKÓW METROPOLITAN AREA
Słowa kluczowe	Krakowski Obszar Metropolitalny, przedsiębiorczość, teoria lokalizacji
Key words	Kraków Metropolitan Area, entrepreneurship, location theory
Abstrakt	Identyfikacja czynników sprzyjających rozwojowi gospodarczemu należy do najważniejszych zadań ekonomii. Głównym celem opracowania było określenie zależności pomiędzy wybranymi cechami lokalizacji i polityki podatkowej prowadzonej przez organy samorządu terytorialnego a natężeniem przedsiębiorczości w gminach pozostających w strefie oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego (KOM). Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że w okresie 1995-2016 szybciej zwiększała się liczba podmiotów gospodarczych w gminach bezpośrednio graniczących z Krakowem niż w jednostkach od niego oddalonych. Jednocześnie gminy zlokalizowane korzystniej względem regionalnego centrum gospodarczego prowadziły bardziej restrykcyjną politykę podatkową, dążąc do przejęcia w formie podatków lokalnych części renty lokalizacyjnej realizowanej przez przedsiębiorców.
Abstract	One of economics’ major tasks is the identification of factors that facilitate economic growth. The main purpose of the study was to determine interrelations between selected features of a location, a tax policy implemented by territorial self-government authorities and the intensity of entrepreneurship in gminas [communes] within the range of impact of the Kraków Metropolitan Area (KMA). Based on the analyses which were conducted, in 1995-2016 the number of business entities in gminas bordering directly on Kraków increased faster compared to those located farther away. Reasons for such status quo include the increasing absorptive power of local markets within areas where population density has been increasing as well as migration of entrepreneurs from the core of the KMA to suburban gminas which have improved connections with Kraków. Concurrently, the gminas with more advantageous locations relative to the regional economic center implemented a more restrictive tax policy and aimed to take over, in the form of local taxes, a part of entrepreneurs’ location rent.
Cytowanie	Barczyk-Ciuła J., Nogieć M., Sroka W., Wojewodzic T. (2018) Pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza w gminach położonych w zasięgu oddziaływania Krakowskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego.Roczniki Naukowe Ekonomii Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich, t. 105, z. 1: 47-57
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Pełny tekst	RNR_2018_n1_s47.pdf